High Performance Work Practice

Question: Examine about the High Performance Work Practice. Answer: Presentation: Superior work practice is one of the significant approaches of human asset techniques so as to animate representatives for improving the hierarchical exhibition. It has been seen that associations achievement is exceptionally subject to the exhibition of workers. The administration gave by each individual representative is the best weapon to win authoritative income. Individuals from various geological markets will in general be related with a specific business association as its workers. In this way, human asset directors are principally capable on the most proficient method to build up the representative execution at the work environment. Harvey Norman is prominently known as one of the biggest global retail organizations arranged in Australia. Among the few retail parts, Harvey Norman fundamentally manages furniture, bedding, PC, interchanges, electrical items thus many. Behind picking up the acknowledgment of worldwide nations this specific association has actualized significant methodologies and arrangements at the working environment (harveynorman.com.au, 2017). Among those procedures, the significance of elite work practice is generally noticeable. While managing the representatives, the human asset chiefs of Harvey Norman have consistently meant to inspire the soul of these workers with the goal that they can perform well for the further advancement of business. This specific investigation has given a basic assessment on how this specific association has applied superior work practice at the working environment for invigorating the worker. Probably the best hindrances in executing this particular strategy have additionally been talked about in this specific examination. Nonetheless, while talking about the effect of superior work practice on Harvey Norman a portion of the researchers have communicated various feelings in regards to this particular subject. The examination has basically assessed on how Harvey Norman with the assistance of this specific procedure can spur the representatives for rendering the business achievement (harveynorman.com.au, 2017). Conversation: Kehoe and Wright (2013) opined that three significant parts of worker commitment are there that incorporates psychological angle, passionate viewpoint and conduct perspective. According to the intellectual angle, the idea of the worker in regards to the association, its supervisors, pioneers and arrangements is generally noticeable. In view of the authoritative societies and practices, the connection among chiefs and representatives the accomplishment of a specific business association is profoundly needy. According to the passionate perspective, it has been suggested that representatives ought to have an inclination for one another while cooperating inside a business association. In other word, while working inside a group each individual representative should show their thoughtful perspectives towards one another regardless of having distinctive social mentalities and foundations. Then again, conduct perspective incorporates representatives ought to keep up an appropriate conduct a nd order at the work environment. Nonetheless, these significant three angles is exceptionally huge for rendering the accomplishment of a business association. Headquartered in New South Wales this specific association, Harvey Norman has just settled their whole business process in global nations. A large number of workers are straightforwardly related for the advancement of this particular association. In this way, the human asset administrators of Harvey Norman have chosen to execute superior work practice at the working environment so as to energize the representatives towards meeting the business objective. Jensen, Patel and Messersmith (2013) expressed that representative inspiration is the idea that plans to produce the soul of workers for giving their best administrations to the clients. The essential goals of Harvey Norman in actualizing superior work practice are raising the degree of representative exhibition. The business specialists of Harvey Norman so as to build the exhibition level of representatives have followed a portion of the significant systems. Boxall (2012) opined that the usage of motivation and reward conspire for t hose workers who are adaptable enough to give additional time obligation is one of the best systems to energize the representatives towards arriving at business objective. Patel, Messersmith and Lepak (2013) opined that the representatives of this specific association are adaptable enough to get vital offices and advantages from the authoritative chiefs because of any sort of medical problem. The businesses of Harvey Norman will in general take whole obligations regarding those representatives who need to confront any significant medical problem at the working environment. Subsequently, the workers don't need to confront difficulties while confronting medical problem inside the association. Then again, the human asset chiefs of Harvey Norman by masterminding a relational correspondence at the end of the week will in general think about the important issues and hindrances that the representatives need to look at the work environment. Subsequently, the inward connection between each individual representative and human asset administrator is a lot of powerful. Niehaves, Kffer and Ortbach (2012) expressed that these sorts of constructive outcomes exception ally consider the presentation level of the workers. Harvey Norman while executing an individual representative inside the business association will in general spotlight on their aptitude and level of competency instead of their strict foundations. Therefore, this particular association needed to confront countless issues at the working environment. Individuals, having a place with various societies and perspectives, cooperate at the association of Harvey Norman. While making cooperation the representatives need to confront a few obstructions, for example, correspondence hindrance, mental boundaries, social obstructions, strict boundaries, etc. Because of the phonetic obstruction, particularly the representative of Harvey Norman neglected to trade significant data with one another. Accordingly, this sort of correspondence hole profoundly influences the whole execution level of workers. Waal and Sivro (2012) expressed that the ramifications of superior work practice infers that individuals having a place with various social perspectives should make a gathering conversation meeting at consistently. In this specific gathering conversation, individuals from various social foundation participate and share their assessment with respect to a specific subject. The basic role of Harvey Norman is to get those workers required towards a pa rticular theme so the representative can take aggregate choice. Aggregate choice is had with significant positive effect. So as to execute elite work practice Harvey Norman has chosen to follow participative style of initiative at the working environment. Chadwick, Super and Kwon (2015) opined that the best reasons of utilizing participative type of authority style at the work environment are worker commitment. In this particular type of authority style, the pioneers include the workers to impart their insight with respect to the business objective. Thus, both the businesses and the representatives have the equivalent option to take a business choice. Robbins et al. (2015) expressed that participative type of initiative isn't a lot of powerful every an ideal opportunity for upgrading the exhibition level of representatives. Harvey Norman has confronted the comparative experience. It has been seen that the representatives of Harvey Norman at a time began to abuse the administration style. They will in general express their sentiment in such a way the business chiefs needed to confront challenges in keepi ng up that specific choice for business progress. In this sort of circumstance, a significant hole had been brought up in the middle of the workers and the business heads. Contingent upon the circumstance, hierarchical chiefs need to actualize initiative style at the working environment, be it despotic, participative or transformational. Meyers and van Woerkom (2014) expressed that superior work practice is the applied structure that forced the business representatives for performing great towards arriving at the business objective. This specific hierarchical practice empowers the representatives to perform well so as to fulfill the necessities and needs of workers. Behind creation Harvey Norman as a global retail division, the commitments of workers are irrefutable. The human asset supervisors consistently prefer to lean toward giving proficient preparing and direction to the workers of Harvey Norman with the assistance of which they become effective in meeting the current pattern of market. Then again, this specific association is having web based business process also (Patel Conklin, 2012). With the assistance of web based business, the representatives can speak with the clients of various topographical limits. In this manner, with the assistance of superior work practice the representatives have been given a powe rful preparing to expanding their presentation on mechanical ability. Accordingly, the representatives of Harvey Norman are effective for taking care of any sort of abrupt mechanical boundaries at the work environment. The exhibition of workers being founded on innovations is a lot of dynamic in meeting clients desire. End: The whole investigation has given inside and out diagram about the significance of and criticalness of superior work practice on the representatives. Human asset administrators so as to energize the representatives at working environment will in general execute some significant activities. Keeping up a compelling worker connection at working environment is exceptionally significant with the assistance of which representatives can be persuaded towards performing admirably at inside the association. Harvey Norman in the wake of extending their business in various geological limits has chosen to delegate the workers from various social foundation. Assorted variety at the working environment empowers the association to settle on aggregate choice. Then again, after the development of income, the representatives of Harvey Norman get num

Grenz Review Free Essays

TY 170 February 23, 2009 Grenz Review over the long haul, various subjects are introduced all through society. These subjects will in general make endeavors at refuting its ancestor. In Stanley J. We will compose a custom exposition test on Grenz Review or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now Grenz’ book, A Primer on Postmodernism, he examines the two latest thoughts bolstered by people in general; innovation and postmodernism. The restriction is evident between the periods of advancement and postmodernity. As depicted by Grenz, innovation centers around the individual, utilizing thinking as a wellspring of reality. This conviction makes truth be relative. Postmodernity’s point of convergence is the gathering, as opposed to the person. Truth, in the postmodern view, is made by instinct and feeling, making it be developed. Grenz additionally talks about both the issues postmodernity present on Christianity and the likenesses among postmodernism and Christianity. Grenz’ representation of postmodernism is precise for what society is confronting today. So as to comprehend the contrasts among innovation and postmodernism as Grenz has characterized them, first comprehension of how every wa made is required. Innovation is based around meta-accounts; stories that interface everybody together. The most significant meta-account of innovation is the generally accepted fact of science. One of the most significant builds of advancement is independence, whereupon every cutting edge mastermind based their work. â€Å"Most students of history propose that the advanced period was conceived when the Enlightenment carried new would like to war-assaulted Europe† (57). The Enlightenment had four standards; â€Å"Reason, nature, self-governance, and harmony† (68). These standards made the establishment for present day scholars. Numerous advanced scholars all through the period, paying little heed to their order, â€Å"Turned to the thinking subject as opposed to divine disclosure as the beginning stage for information and reflection† (65). Through these establishments set for advancement, the cutting edge rationalists went to science in help for their speculations. â€Å"Thinkers, for example, Descartes, Newton, and Kant gave the scholarly establishment to the cutting edge era† (80). Rene Descartes was one of the principal present day scholars of his time, â€Å"often being alluded to as the dad of current philosophy† (63). At the point when Descartes irst set out on his excursion for information, he set out with question, looking for unadulterated truth that uncertainty couldn't deny (64). In the same way as other different masterminds of that period, he â€Å"Attempted to present the meticulousness of numerical exhibition into all fields of knowledge,† on the grounds that he ac cepted that the certainties of science were more concrete than information dependent on perception (64). Descartes in the long run arrived at the goal of his looking; the one thing that couldn't be questioned was one’s own reality. His better approach for deduction prompted an alternate viewpoint of the human individual. His work characterized â€Å"The individual as deduction substance and the human individual as an independent balanced subject† (64). This new definition upheld Augustine’s reasoning; â€Å"Cogito hence total †‘I think, subsequently I am,† (64). In spite of the fact that Descartes’ work didn't find subjectivity, â€Å"the boss significance of his commitment lies in his accentuation on close to home understanding and individual information, on information emerging from the individual’s extraordinary purpose of view† (64). His job in the Enlightenment cleared the way for his cutting edge thinking replacements. Following Descartes’ work, Newton started making his own engraving on the world, accentuating the significance of science. His work concentrated on attempting to clarify the functions of his universe that he saw as a â€Å"Grand, organized machine,† (67). Newton’s thought of the world as a machine gave the system to advancement. Newton accepted that by review the world as a machine, he would have the option to know its developments since it would adhere to a lot of unmistakable laws (67). His plan drove present day masterminds to have a robotic comprehension of the world, instead of a characteristic view (50). In spite of the fact that Newton took a gander at the logical clarifications of the world, his goal was to clarify the presence of God. Like Descartes, Newton utilized the intensity of motivation to improve the significance of religious philosophy. â€Å"The present day world ended up being Newton’s unthinking universe populated by Descartes’ self-sufficient, objective substance† (67). Through Newton’s work, different scholars had the establishment expected to establish their own connections with the universe of innovation. In the end, thinkers started scrutinizing the Enlightenment and innovation all in all. Through Immanuel Kant’s work, he reinforced the ties among society and innovation, which related himself with the start of the Enlightenment. Kant’s most significant commitment to innovation was his distribution of Critique of Pure Reason (57). His investigate reinforced the help of innovation and ended all scrutinizing of it. Kant looked to make an increasingly solid stage for mysticism through his composition (76). He guessed that the psyche is systematical in arranging sensations from the outside world. â€Å"According to Kant, the human individual isn't just an animal equipped for sense experience transport likewise a good being† (77). Kant accepted that by living ethically, one lives the manner in which he wishes all individuals would live. He contended that the ethical part of human presence is basically discerning (78). This perspective on presence made the domain of down to earth reason, which urged other present day rationalists to focus on the individual self. This mindfulness originated from Kant presenting the possibility that oneself is â€Å"not simply the focal point of philosophical consideration however the whole topic of philosophy† (79). Through this idea, Kant guided his focus toward the individual monumental reality. Kant’s work gave future scholars the ideas expected to comprehend and in the end deconstruct advancement. Johann Gottlieb Fichte worked off of Kant’s disclosures. He acknowledged Kant’s work yet additionally â€Å"Was empowered to detonate it from the inside† (87). Fichte would not like to take out Kant’s thoughts, however rather needed â€Å"To uncover the Kantian ‘fiction’ of a target world existing in its own privilege past the self,† (87). Through his work, Kant stressed the thought â€Å"that oneself makes and decides the items that establish its own outer world† (87). Subsequently, the domain that Kant professes to know through ‘pure’ reason, Fichte cases to deliver through the activity of ‘practical’ reason† (87). His work has made an opportunity that â€Å"is significant in light of the fact that it holds the capability of freeing us from a solitary method of comprehension the world ,† (88). Fichte figured out how to break up Kant’s thought of a flat out reality through â€Å"eliminating the noumenal realm† (88). In spite of the fact that he neutralized Kant from multiple points of view, Fichte figured out how to maintain Kant’s idea of irrefutably oneself (87). Fichte, alongside other thinkers’, convictions prompted what is presently viewed as the postmodernism period by scrutinizing the setting of advancement and its constructors. Postmodernism is the insignificant dismissal of the thoughts that innovation and the Enlightenment support. The principle hypothesis that postmodernism rejects is the develop of independence. In its reprimand of innovation, it additionally dismisses the cutting edge topic of meta-stories, with the exception of its own. The postmodern world doesn't accept that all information is acceptable, nor that information is objective. They see life on earth as delicate and accept that the proceeded with presence of mankind is subject to another demeanor of collaboration instead of conquest† (7). Postmodern convictions have an increasingly negative view on the world, instead of the advanced thought. Postmoderns accept that the world is â€Å"historical, social, and personal† (7). The primary postmodern vi ew is that everything is not quite the same as everything (7). â€Å"Many voices have joined the postmodern melody. Be that as it may, of these, three loom as both focal and paradigmatic †Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida, and Richard Rorty. They comprise a trio of postmodern prophets† (123). Michel Foucault was persevering in the dismissal of the advanced perspective. He contended that â€Å"reason and sane talk are hazardous.. , in light of the fact that they necessitate that we crush the assortment of reality into the fake homogeneity that obliges our concepts† (127). His aims were not to introduce the thoughts of a superior society, however to get request. This new society that Foucault introduced was called â€Å"’heterotopia,’† rather than the cutting edge perspective on â€Å"utopia† (20). Foucault concentrated on the association among information and force with respect to social frameworks, expressing that â€Å"every understanding of the truth is a declaration of power† (6). Foucault accepted that this force was â€Å"the intensity of violence† (59). He utilized lineage to increase a superior comprehension of how we showed up to the convictions upheld by society (135). â€Å"According to Foucault, the act of parentage illuminates us that history isn't constrained by fate or some regulative instrument yet is the result of aimless conflicts† (136). He uncovers himself to be the model postmodern by making the affirmation that â€Å"no regular request lies behind what we concoct through our utilization of language† (137). Foucault gave another outlet to the recently shaped idea to be deciphered by future thinkers. Ensuing to Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida reworked a few thoughts of postmodernism. In contrast to Foucault, Derrida had various perspectives on what was in co

IELTS Essay Band 9 Samples

IELTS Essay Band 9 SamplesIELTS Essay Band 9 is a pre-assessment exam given to test takers who have passed the first two tests in the IELTS English Language Assessment Programme. These tests assess the candidates' skills of speaking, listening and writing as well as their pronunciation skills. The first two rounds of the test are used to establish how a student's writing will sound and interact with the listeners in real life.These tests are given twice in each language - one on the written and the other on the oral test. Usually the same series of questions are given to both the written and the oral part of the test. This creates a matrix of a syllabus that makes it easier for test takers to understand the structure of the test.Essay Band 9 samples include sample questions, test tips and explanations and pre-tests that make it easy for students to understand the questions and answers. It is important to know that this test also includes the verbal part of the IELTS tests. Students a re asked to speak about a story in English. The syllabus is structured so that students are taught by hearing and reading, and they must listen and speak.The syllabus is divided into four parts, which make it easier for students to understand the structure of the test. Part one includes Grammar and Writing, Part two include Listening and Speaking, Part three includes Reading and Spelling and Part four include Oral Test. Each part contains a specific set of written and oral questions.Students must demonstrate their understanding of the three elements of the syllabus. They can do this by choosing from one of the pre-tests that is usually listed next to the questions on the syllabus. Some of the questions on the syllabus can be answered with hints only.An essay is completed after writing an essay of at least 1500 words. This number can be changed according to the number of participants, but most test centers accept less than 4000 words for the essay. The test center uses an 'A' index, which tells the test taker whether the essay was successfully written.This exam is done on the same syllabus that tests many different types of students. It is important to be familiar with this type of essay because some parts are similar to those of the Advanced Placement (AP) tests that high school students take to get high scores on the SAT. Most of the AP test questions are in a similar format.The essay is more difficult than the AP test, because it must be well written in English. It is also more difficult because it asks for highly detailed explanations of the writer's point of view. Essay Band 9 samples make it easier for students to prepare for the writing aspect of the test. They may also be used as a practice essay, helping students become familiar with the structure of the writing portion of the test.

Writing News Peculiarities of Stephen Kings Writing Style

It is hard to find a person who doesn’t know who Stephen King is – even if one hasn’t read a single book written by him, he still knows that King is one of the most well-known – and probably the most well-known – horror and thriller author of all time, probably rivaled only by Howard Phillips Lovecraft, whom King often mentions as the writer who influenced him the most. But what makes King unique among scores of other authors writing in the same genre? Most commonly horror/thriller is considered to be a rather lowly literature genre, which is usually not treated very seriously, with few exceptions, one of which is Stephen King. So what is special about him? It wouldn’t be news for anybody who has more than a passing acquaintance with stylistics that it is style, language and imagery which are the most important factors in fiction – not even the most fascinating plot can live by itself. If a writer doesn’t have a decent style, his works will be unreadable, even if their plot is brilliant. Stephen King’s style is to a very much degree characterized by his usual choice of characters: he likes three-dimensional, human, flawed characters, people with traumatic past and subdued memories, with psychological problems. Another approach is showed in his first published novel, Carrie. It tells the story of a high school girl who is bullied and ostracized from the society of her peers because she is different from them in many ways – it is something most if not all people can sympathize with. And although there is strong supernatural undercurrent in the novel, its characters still stay human, understandable and realistic. King is in general very partial to children as protagonists. Probably it is so because of the way children view the world – as something only half-understood and full of unknown, unknowable, mysterious and terrifying entities. Just like the world of It, another King’s bestselling novel, in which a horrible extradimensional being terrorizes and kills children simply because they find it so easy to believe in it. Yet another theme that is often found in King’s books is the image of a small American town as a background for the most horrific and unbelievable events – it has since became a usual trope in many other works of fiction. All in all, it can be said that due to his approach to style Stephen King has managed to raise horror genre higher than anyone before him.

The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain - 1510 Words

Huckleberry Finn, a Dark Tale The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is one of the more serious and immersive books I’ve personally had the pleasure of reading. Its â€Å"prequel† The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is so much lighter. Throughout The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn there is a tone of sadness. His life is so vastly different from his friend, Tom’s. Huck’s life is full of adventure and so is Tom’s, but Huck’s life is more dark and depressing. Huck experiences things at a young age no one should have to in their entire life. The stress and grief of his life is massive, a huge burden to bear. The similarities between Huck and Tom may be prevalent, but there is much more than similarities, there is a difference. â€Å"Pap got too†¦show more content†¦Tom’s life compared to Huck’s life is easy going and seems like he only has to worry about what he wants to do that day. This is when Huck goes to live with Widow Douglas, a Christian woman who has taken it upon herself to try and civilise the boy that is Huckleberry Finn, to make him into a proper young boy who will fit quite well into society. Huck Finn is not known for being a good rule abiding, and school going child. He skips school to go swimming or just to wander around town and no adult attempts to stop him. Huck tries everything he can do to keep from being â€Å"sivilized† by the Widow Douglas, who has taken him in since his abusive, alcoholic father did not take good care of his son. â€Å"She put me in them new clothes again, and I couldn t do nothing but sweat and sweat, and feel all cramped up. Well, then, the old thing commenced again. The widow rung a bell for supper, and you had to come in time. When you got to the table you couldn t go right to eating, but you had to wait for the widow to tuck down her head and grumble a little over the victuals (Chapter 1.Paragraph 3).† Huck simply hated having to dress up in presentable clothing, unlike Tom, who like any boy, didn’t love it but still accepted it as a social norm. Huck’s reluctance to go to class or to wear the clothes given to him assist him in being coming the runaway he is. Now another difference would be how easily Huck can lie. Tom can lie, but not nearly as much or

The Issue Of Abortion On The United States - 1606 Words

As Sam Brownback once quoted, â€Å"Unborn children do not have a voice, but they are young members of the human family. It is time to look at the unborn child, and recognize that it is really a young human, who can feel pain and should be treated with care.† In America alone, more than half of pregnancies among American woman are unintended, and about seven out of ten of these 500,000 unintended pregnancies are terminated by abortion each year in America. In today’s modern American culture, many consider an unborn fetus a non-life form; however, an unborn fetus possesses many, if not all, characteristics of life. The issue of abortion in the United States has been one that has courted controversy and created a public, ethical, and moral division in our American society and culture. Different opinions and views on this contraceptive subject has brought on multitudinous moral and ethical arguments. Morally, many people in our modern culture believe that if the mother of the unborn child has certain mental issues or health issues, it is suitable for that mother to terminate the life of her unborn child for the better health of the baby and for the mother herself. However; once an unborn fetus is aborted, the symptoms after an abortion have long-term and lasting impacts on the mother that can worsen the mother s health and mental stability. After an abortion, many mothers have experienced extreme sadness and anger, periods of long-term depression and regret, and some haveShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Abortion On The United States Essay1280 Words   |  6 Pagespaper is the issue of Abortion, My thesis in this paper is to analyze the history of abortion in the United States prior to the Roe vs. Wade decision and afterwards, and to demonstrate the ways in which our two major political parties’ views on this issue have shifted over time along with the public’s view on the issue. Abortion has been practiced for most of human history. The ancient Greeks and Romans practiced it, although not all ancient thinkers had the same views on abortion. Ancient GreekRead MoreAbortion: An Issue that Should Be Revised in the United States561 Words   |  3 PagesThe United States of America grants its people a right that is now being challenged by a portion of the country. Abortion is an issue that has divided the country in two. Pro-life supporters demand for the criminalization of abortions while pro-choice supporters advocate for womens continuation of their rights. I believe that the government should not play a role in the choice of women to get an abortion. Last summer, I spent two weeks in a Christian overnight stay camp. I met numerous uniqueRead More Restrictions On Abortion Essay1742 Words   |  7 PagesThe Restrictions on Abortions: Post-Roe Cases, Legislation, and Societies View Since 1973, when Roe verses Wade was decided, there have been several restrictions made to a woman?s right to obtain an abortion. These restrictions have come from several different angles and from a conservative ideological background. The restrictions that have been made to Roe v. Wade have come from other Supreme Court cases that were argued after 1973 and from State and Federal Legislation; which, ultimately, mustRead MoreA Brief Note On Euthanasia And Pro Life Essay802 Words   |  4 PagesPROBLEM DESCRIPTION Abortion is commonly practiced in many countries including the United States and has been practiced throughout most of the world ((Henshaw, S., et al. (2008). Abortion is one of those subjects that people for different reasons are passionately for or against (abortionist vs pro-life). The reasons are many and complicated. Abortion raises fundamental questions about our existence, such us what is human and when does life begin (Brannigan Boss, (2001). Abortion speaks to the rightsRead MoreAbortion : The Legal Precedent1170 Words   |  5 PagesThere have been many debates over abortion. One of the more famous acts in history about abortion is Roe vs. Wade on January 22, 1973. In this case the U.S. Supreme Court recognized that the constitutional right to privacy extends to a woman’s right to make her own personal medical decisions. This includes the decision to have an abortion without interference from politics and regulations, or religion. Therefore, a state may not ban abor tion prior to viability. About 42 years have passed and numerousRead MoreAbortion : The Issue Of Abortion1411 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Abortion is one of the most common medical procedures performed in the United States each year† (Abortion Overview and History). It is the termination of a human pregnancy, which is often performed during the first twenty-eight weeks of pregnancy. The topic of abortion seems to be a major issue in todays time. There are many people who are for it and many people who are against it. Religion has a lot to do with the side that people take on this issue. Many people see abortion as committing murderRead MoreThe Controversial Issue Of Abortion1555 Words   |  7 Pagestopic of abortion in the United States has been and remains one of the most controversial issues in western culture and politics. An abortion can be defined as the expulsion of a fetus from the uterus before it can survive on its own. This comprises two major forms of abortion: spontaneous, which is ofte n referred to as a miscarriage or induced abortion, which is the deliberate termination of a pregnancy. The term is commonly used to refer to the induced abortion, and this is the abortion, which hasRead MoreEssay on Should Abortion Be Determined by the State or the Mother?1414 Words   |  6 PagesHomework #2: History and overview of the Policy Issue Should Abortion be determined by the State or Mother? Abortion has been one of the most controversial topics in America. Abortion is defined as the deliberate termination of a human pregnancy, most often performed in the first 20 weeks of the pregnancy. Abortion is when the pregnancy is ended to prevent child birth. The pregnancy is taken out of the uterus of the women by medical abortion which involves taking medicines to causeRead MoreAbortion Should Not Be Legal Essay1596 Words   |  7 Pages Abortions have been performed on women for thousands of years. Abortion is the deliberate termination of a human pregnancy. Most often it is performed during the first 20 weeks of being pregnant. The controversy over whether or not abortion should be legal continues to divide Americans till this day. An important landmark case was the Roe v. Wade case, where the Court argued that the zone of privacy was broad enough to encompass a woman s decision whether or not to terminateRead MoreAbortion Should Go Back to Being Illegal in the United States1239 Words   |  5 Pagesthan 30 years, the United States has been separated over the issue of abortion. Abortion is the deliberate killing of the most innocent nature among us, babies whom are not yet born. In 1973, abortion was legalized in the United States via the famous court case of Roe vs Wade. Roe was a single and pregnant woman who was fighting the state of Texas where the law stated she was not allowed to get an abo rtion. Roe won the case and abortion was legalized. Even though millions of abortions have been performed

Reliability and validity

Question: What is the difference between reliability and validity? Which is more important? Why? What are the different ways of assessing reliability? What are the different ways of assessing validity? What are the different ways of obtaining validity evidence? Answer: Introduction Reliability and validity are the scales of measurement that is used in research methodology. However, both the terms sound as like they are similar in nature, but there are technical differences between them. Reliability Reliability is the scale or instrument of measurement that is consistent with its result. It means if any test is taken using any instrument for a particular subject and the result of the test will be similar in every attempt then it will be considered as reliable. Reliability is more concerned with the consistency and the stability of the test result (Bryman Bell, 2015). Validity Validity is the instruments or scale by which one can measure the outcomes of a certain research hypothesis about how strong the outcomes are. With the help of validity, one can answer the question such as are we right about the research methodology or the outcomes. Validity is more concerned whether the measure has been done with the right concept or not. Reliability and validity both are related with each other in the process of measurement. Reliability is the stability of the test score and validity stands for the accuracy of the test score. Technically both of them are important for a research methodology. It is also notable that research methodology can have reliability without validity but to obtain the validity of the result or the outcome it is very important to have reliability. It means without the reliability there is no existence of validity so it can be said that reliability is more important than validity (Cooper, et al, 2006). Different ways of assessing reliability The measure indicates about the extent of the biases and ensures measurements that are consistent across time and items of the instrument. There are different types of methods for assessing reliability is discussed below. Test-retest reliability In this process, the coefficient of the outcome can be obtained by repeating same measures for a particular research. Test-retest method is done when there is a questioner that contains few items, which are supposed to use for a measurement of a certain concept that has administered to a set of respondents. If the same respondents are used after few weeks or more than six months, then the correlation obtained are from two different times. This outcome from the same respondent in two different times called test-retest coefficient. The higher the coefficient, the better the test-retest reliability and the result of the test will be more consistent and reliable (Abdulkadir Uzunz, 2011). Parallel form reliability When there are two comparable sets that will be tapping for measures the similar construct and they are highly correlated then the assessing of reliability will be called parallel form reliability. In this, case both the research methodology will contain similar things and the response formats for both the studies remain same. Here the change, which is done to maintain the difference in two methods, is the sequence of the question in the questioner. In this type of research method if the two results are highly correlated then it can be said that the results are fairly certain and reasonably reliable. Internal consistency of measures With this methodology of measures, one can indicate the homogeneity of the things that can tap the construct. In this case, the research methods should be together as a set. In spite of remaining in a set, the items should has the option of independently measuring the concepts that are similar so that when respondents provide the same meaning for each item. The help of examination and their outcomes can see this type of measures whether the subsets of different items are highly correlated. Internal consistency of the research methodology can be examined by the interitem consistency reliability and the split half reliability test (Avcu, 2015). Interitem consistency reliability In this method of measuring, there is the consistency of the reliability test by the respondents who will provide an answer to every item of the measure. In this way of measuring the reliability of the items, there should be measures that are independent should have the same concept that will remain correlated with one another. There are also two types of interitem consistency reliability test, which are Cronbachs coefficient alpha and Kuder-Richardson formulas. The first one is used for the multipoint scaled items and the second is used for dichotomous items. Here is also the higher coefficient is, the better measuring instrument (Aygun Ergun, 2015). Split-half reliability By the help of this reliability measure, one can correlate the two halves of an instrument. The two halves of the measurements will justify the estimate of the methods. If the Cronbachs coefficient alpha is lesser than the split half reliability in those circumstances, which are being, underlined more than one response dimension then the measure of certain other conditions will be met as well. Looking after these measures it can be said that in all the cases interitem consistency reliability gets the perfect and adequate indexing from Cronbachs coefficient alpha factor (DeLuca, 2011). Different ways of assessing validity Different types of validity assessing methods are Content validity, Criterion validity and construct validity. Content Validity In the assessment of validity where measures are adequate and include representative item set is in content. When the scale of measuring item represents the higher domain of universe of concept the greater the validity of the content is. The content validity will be well delineated by the different function of dimension and elements of the measurement process. One of the minimum indexes of content validity is the face validity. This is the indication of those items that are intended for a concept to measure (Endo et al., 2014). Criterion-related validity This is the validity that is established during the measurement differentiates of an individual on a expected or a predictable criterion. This type of validity demonstrates the correlation of the statistical relationship between job performance and the test performance. The Criterion-related validity is of two type Concurrent validity If there are validity test at the same time when the test is given then it is known as the concurrent validity Predictive validity If there is a validity test that is done before and then the criterion are given to the method then this is known as the predictive validity (Fikkers, Piotrowski Valkenburg, 2015). Construct Validity This type of validity measure involves the requirement of demonstration about the measure of the test that measures the characteristic of the claimed measure. This type of characteristic is important for the successful completion of the job. There are also two different type of construct validity. Convergent validity This type of convergent validity is generally established because there are two different measuring instruments are used which are similar and correlated with each other. Discriminant validity In this case they are based on the same theory, but the variables are different from each other. In this case, the variables remain uncontrolled because the variables are predicted for the measurement instrument (Haner Rude, 2015). Validity evidence There are three ways by which one can obtain validity evidence Evidence based on content measure is done by studying the construct, test content is examined then it is to decide about the representation of the adequate test content. Experts do this. Evidence based on internal structure determination of dimension, which will be, used known as factor analysis. Item will be examined for homogeneity and coefficient alpha will be calculated. Evidence based on the relation with other variables Test scores are related to certain criteria. Correlation is done between the test score of the same construct and another construct to obtain convergent evidence (Leung, 2015). Reference List Bryman, A., Bell, E. (2015). 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